Written by Dr. Joey Tang, DVM
What is it?
Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and deadly virus in dogs that commonly causes illness in young puppies, targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) system, and potentially causing death if left untreated.
The virus is shed by infected dogs via their fecal material, and because it is an extremely hardy virus, it can survive in most environments for months. Therefore a dog can be exposed to CPV at any time (including in lawns, dog parks, and homes), making prevention (vaccination) of the utmost importance.
Signs and symptoms
The clinical signs that are most associated with CPV infection is vomiting and diarrhea. More specifically, diarrhea that has digested blood (melena) in puppies is considered a stereotypical sign of CPV infection. Additionally, lethargy, depression and loss of appetite are also common findings.
Diagnosis
The most common, and easily accessible, test available for CPV is the fecal ELISA test (sometimes called the SNAP test). Only a small fecal sample is needed for this test, and it only takes 15-30 minutes to complete. Although it is considered relatively accurate, false positives or false negatives can occasionally occur, therefore sometimes further testing may be needed to confirm diagnosis.
Other testing may include a fecal PCR test and bloodwork. The fecal PCR test is very accurate (more than the SNAP), however requires the fecal sample to be sent to a diagnostic laboratory to be performed, therefore requires more time. Bloodwork can also be beneficial to investigate and measure the white blood cell count of the dog. Since the bone marrow is one of the first organs targeted by the virus, a low white blood cell count (along with a positive SNAP test) is typically suggestive of a Parvovirus infection.
Treatment and prevention
Unfortunately, there is currently no direct treatment or cure for the viral infection, therefore treatment typically involves supportive care and management of the clinical signs. This can vary depending on how ill the dog is and the clinical signs being observed.
Supportive care could include hospitalization and intravenous (IV) fluids to help with dehydration that is typically found secondary to the vomiting and diarrhea. Antibiotics may also be started to help fight possible secondary infections. Anti-nausea and medications to aid with the diarrhea may also be beneficial for management of clinical signs.
Although there isn’t any treatment for this viral infection, there are numerous effective vaccinations against CPV, and vaccinating against CPV is considered a ‘core’ vaccination for all puppies (regardless of lifestyle).
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